04-06-2020, 09:37 PM
But timing matters a lot here. I notice each step takes clock beats. You might count those beats during tests. Now the whole cycle repeats for the next command. Or sometimes branches change the path abruptly. Perhaps the unit predicts wrong and stalls occur. Then recovery happens fast in modern chips.
Also memory access slows things down often. I recall cache helps cut those waits. You benefit when data sits nearby already. Fetching speeds up with good locality patterns. Execution overlaps in pipeline setups sometimes. But hazards force waits or flushes.
You see dependencies between commands create blocks. I fix those by reordering when possible. Then forwarding paths send results early. Or the scheduler issues independent ops first. Perhaps out of order running boosts speed. Now superscalar designs handle multiple at once.
Execution units vary in their jobs. I think adders crunch numbers quick. You load stores move data around. Branch units decide jumps with care. Results update flags for conditions. But interrupts pause everything mid flow.
You handle exceptions by saving states. I restore after the handler finishes. Then normal flow resumes without loss. Perhaps vector instructions pack more work. Now threads share the same core. Execution switches fast between them.
I notice power draws spike during bursts. You tune clocks to balance heat. Or voltage drops help efficiency. Then performance counters track the rates. Maybe stalls show up in logs. Now you tweak code for better flow.
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