Hazards in logic circuits

[bob]

You see structural hazards hit when the same hardware fights over access in one clock cycle. I remember how that stalls the whole flow right away. But you notice it mostly with shared memory units during fetch and memory stages. It trips up the execution when instructions overlap badly. Perhaps you add extra ports or buffers to ease the clash. Then the pipeline keeps moving without constant pauses. Or maybe you spot it in older designs lacking separate instruction caches.
You deal with data hazards next as they create dependency messes between instructions. I think you know raw dependencies force waits until results write back. But forwarding paths help bypass those register file delays fast. It glitches the logic when later ops read stale values too soon. Perhaps you insert stalls in the pipeline stages to let things settle. Then newer processors use out of order execution to dodge some waits. Hazards like war and waw also creep in with register writes overlapping reads. You fix them through careful renaming of registers in hardware. It keeps the circuit from producing wrong results during heavy instruction streams.
Control hazards arise from branch instructions that throw off the fetch sequence suddenly. I see you handle them with prediction logic that guesses the path ahead. But mispredictions flush the pipeline and waste cycles in a big way. It messes the flow when conditions evaluate late in the cycle. Perhaps you employ delayed branching in simpler architectures to fill slots. Then dynamic predictors improve accuracy over time with history tables. Hazards show up more in deep pipelines where wrong guesses cost extra. You observe how loop heavy code suffers repeated flushes without good speculation. It affects overall throughput when logic circuits can't recover quick enough from jumps.
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