06-06-2020, 04:52 AM
You notice register to register shifts happen quickest since no external paths get involved. I tried explaining this to others before and it clicks when you picture simple copies. But memory fetches take extra cycles because buses carry the load. Or perhaps you load constants directly into accumulators for quick math ops. Then stores push results back out to hold them safe.
I find these ops basic yet they underpin loops and functions everywhere you code. You execute a move and the flags might update based on zero checks. Also partial transfers let you grab bytes or words without full words. Perhaps the addressing modes decide how addresses form up during each step. Now you combine them with arithmetic to build bigger programs step by step.
But indirect modes add layers where pointers guide the actual fetch. I watched systems bog down when transfers overlap on shared paths. You avoid that by picking direct modes for speed in tight spots. Or maybe chain several moves to swap values without extra space. Then the control unit decodes each one to activate the right circuits.
You deal with stack pushes that decrement pointers before writing data. I see pops reverse that to restore values during returns. Also block moves can copy chunks if the hardware supports repeats. Perhaps alignment rules force extra handling on certain boundaries you hit. Now errors pop up if addresses exceed limits during transfers.
I mix these with conditionals to decide paths based on prior results. You build efficient routines once transfers become second nature in your mind. But complex modes like indexed ones offset from bases for arrays. Or perhaps scaled versions multiply offsets for bigger structures you process. Then bandwidth limits show when many transfers queue at once.
You optimize by reducing unnecessary moves through clever register use. I learned this cuts cycles in performance critical sections you tune. Also DMA handles bulk without tying up the main processor. Perhaps you configure channels for those to free cycles elsewhere. Now interrupts pause ongoing transfers until handlers finish their work.
You trace through examples and see how every instruction boils down to moves at core. I enjoy chatting about these because they reveal the machine guts clearly. But timing diagrams help visualize the bus activity during each phase. Or maybe cache hits speed some loads while misses stall you. Then pipelining overlaps transfers with other ops for gains you measure.
You experiment with different modes to feel the tradeoffs in latency. I suggest starting simple before layering in advanced variants you encounter. Also endian swaps sometimes need explicit byte transfers you insert. Perhaps alignment padding avoids faults on strict architectures you target. Now overall these instructions tie everything from input to output together.
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